En las civilizaciones antiguas, la movilización terapéutica es como consecuencia de ejercicios, masajes, etc. Para curación de enfermedades y la lucha contra espíritus malignos, así como para la caza y la guerra.En China ( 2000 a .C.) los bonzos Tchao-Tche hacían movimientos y deposiciones de carácter mágico, dando el nombre de Caoug-Fu; lo ordenaban los sacerdotes como alivio del dolor.
En Grecia, la gimnasia significa desnudo, se da gran ponderancia al deporte. Los griegos fueron los primeros en usar el pensamiento científico, que era oposición del filosófico. Hipócrates (400- 370 a .C.) tenía el concepto de que el hombre debía centrar sus observaciones y sacar conclusiones de lo que capte con sus sentidos. Tiene importancia el fortalecimiento de músculos débiles.
Herodoto se interesa en la gimnasia como medio de curación de enfermedades.
Aristóteles (384- 322 a .C.) fue llamado el padre de la cinesiología y dice que el animal que se mueve cambia de posición presionando sobre lo que está debajo suyo, por eso los atletas hacen saltos más largos si llevan el peso sobre las manos, y los corredores avanzan más si balancean los brazos. Algunos de sus conceptos sobre la flexión muscular y determinados movimientos son la base para los estudios modernos de la marcha.
Arquímedes (287- 212 a .C.) estableció los principios del conocimiento básico de los cuerpos flotantes.
En Roma se produce una continuación de Grecia, usando movimientos físicos después de los baños. Celso aconseja la práctica frecuente de ejercicios en hemiplejía y parálisis en general. Claudio Galeno (131-201) era médico de los gladiadores, y llevó a Roma la anatomía y la fisiología. Observaba las estructuras internas que debía curar a gladiadores y heridos de guerra.
En la era cristiana, en la Edad Media , se pierde el interés debido a las penurias científicas.
En el Renacimiento, Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) dio un gran impulso a la anatomía, así como Miguel Angel y Rafael.
Cristóbal Méndez (Jaén), es el primer autor que publica un tratado: “El libro del Ejercicio” .
En 1573, Jerónimo Mercuriale, médico del emperador Maximiliano II, publicó: ” Arte Gimnástico” ; se considera eslabón entre la educación física griega y moderna. En su obra se habla de los efectos del ejercicio.
En la Edad Moderna , Galileo (1564-1642) y Newton (1642-1712) establecieron las bases para el análisis mecánico del movimiento.
Luis Galvani (1737-1798)j (Universidad de Bolonia) efectuó un descubrimiento, la electricidad del músculo. Hizo experimentos con preparados de músculos y nervios, y observó la contracción del músculo en la pata de una rana. De ahí viene el electroestimulador.
Alberto Vohn Haller perfeccionó lo anterior (S.XVIII).
En la Edad Contemporánea , en el S. XIX, auge en la práctica de la gimnasia, destacando Francisco Amorós que difundió sus métodos de gimnasia por Europa y escribió: “Educación física y moral” .
George y Liedreichk publican: “Fundamentos generales de la gimnasia” . En 1845 George sugiere la palabra kinesiterapia, empezando a usarse.
Ling (sueco), promueve la movilización y sustrajo los métodos fisioterápicos del empirismo dominante, llevándolo a lago más científico, sentando las bases y principios fundamentales sobre las leyes de anatomía y la fisiología. Su principal mérito fue introducir en la enseñanza un nuevo elemento: el uso de ejercicios sistematizados capaces de localizar el esfuerzo en puntos determinados, produciendo cambios en las actitudes habituales.
Los discípulos de Ling: George (París) y Zander (sueco) inventaron aparatos para la movilización, difundieron su uso, contribuyeron a un mayor y más completo conocimiento.
Para Ling la gimnasia tenía tres fines:
• Educativa.
• Higiénica.
• Terapéutica.
Influido por Mercuriale y Amorós la dividió en cuatro partes: pedagógica, militar, médica y estética. La característica de su sistema de gimnasia es que posee una variedad tal de ejercicios que permite a cualquier persona ejecutar lo más conveniente a sus circunstancias.
En este sistema hay ejercicios activos, pasivos y duplicados. Los activos los hace el paciente, los pasivos los hacemos nosotros, y los duplicados los hacemos nosotros y el enfermo; éste hace el ejercicio y nosotros hacemos una resistencia, o viceversa.
En este terreno, el gran investigador fue Guillermo Benjamín Amauz (1806-1875); descubrió la función de los músculos aislados, estimulándolos eléctricamente.
La teoría actual de los ejercicios de resistencia se basa en la contribución de Adolfo Eugenio Fick (1829-1901); hizo un estudio sobre la mecánica del movimiento muscular, empleando los términos isométrico e isotónico.
Jules Amar, en 1920, trabajó mucho en el terreno de la cinesiología en la eficacia del trabajo muscular y su mecánica. Posteriormente hay muchos trabajos científicos.
El perfeccionamiento de aparatos ha contribuido mucho en el hombre para el estudio de sus acciones físicas.
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